NITRIC ACID, RED FUMING UN No. 2032 (UN2032)

Nitric acid

Impact on the human body

Aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid pose a danger to humans if they come into contact with the skin and mucous membranes. In addition, concentrated acid solutions emit vapors that are hazardous if inhaled. The maximum permissible concentration for hydrochloric acid vapors in working areas of industrial enterprises is 5 mg/m3. The smell of vapor begins to be felt at a concentration of C = 2 mg/m3. Striking concentration C = 640 mg/m3.

When inhaling hydrochloric acid vapors, a person feels a sore throat and irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose. A dry cough, nausea and vomiting with mucus and blood appear. Acid vapors cause rapid swelling of the larynx and lungs, which leads to the death of the victim. Even weak concentrations of hydrochloric acid vapor cause destruction of tooth enamel.

Individual protection means

The respiratory organs and eyes are protected from hydrochloric acid vapors by filtering and insulating gas masks. For this purpose, filtering industrial gas masks of grade B, BKF and others that protect against acid gases, as well as civilian GP-5, GP-7 and children's gas masks can be used. To protect the skin, it is necessary to use skin protective equipment - rubberized suits, rubber boots and gloves.

Nitric acid (HNO3) is a colorless (unpurified acid is yellow) liquid with a pungent, suffocating odor. It dissolves well in water. Hydrochloric acid boils at a temperature Tbp = 82 °C, solidifies at a temperature Tzam = –41 °C. Acid vapor is 1.5 times heavier than air. The liquid is not flammable, but can ignite flammable substances. When mixed with alcohols, ethers, turpentine and mineral oils, it forms explosive mixtures. When released into the environment, it quickly forms water-soluble salts, so the compound can be considered unstable.

Nitric acid is widely used in the production of mineral fertilizers, explosives and rocket fuel oxidizers. Nitric acid is stored and transported in railway tanks.

Aqueous solutions of nitric acid cause burns if they come into contact with the skin and mucous membranes. In addition, the acid releases vapors and nitrogen oxides, which are hazardous if inhaled. The maximum permissible concentration for nitric acid vapors in working areas of industrial enterprises is 2 mg/m3. The smell of vapor begins to be felt at a concentration of C = 6 mg/m3. Striking concentration C = 260 mg/m 3.

When inhaling nitric acid vapor, a person feels a sharp pain in the throat, chest and stomach. A dry cough, nausea and vomiting with mucus and blood appear. The mucous membrane of the nose and lips quickly turns yellow. Acid vapors cause rapid swelling of the larynx and lungs, which leads to the death of the victim. Nitric acid fumes cause destruction of tooth enamel.

Individual protection means

The respiratory organs and eyes are protected from nitric acid vapors by filtering and insulating gas masks. For this purpose, filtering industrial gas masks of grade B, BKF and others that protect against acid gases can be used. Unfortunately, civilian gas masks GP-5, GP-7 and children's gas masks practically do not retain nitric acid vapors, especially nitrogen oxides - the protective effect time does not exceed several seconds. It is necessary to equip the gas mask with an additional cartridge DPG-3, which provides long-term (about 10 minutes) protection. To protect the skin, it is necessary to use skin protective equipment - rubberized suits, rubber boots and gloves.

Date added: 2014-11-06; ; Copyright infringement? ;

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Mass fraction of calcined residue, %, no more

At the customer’s request, we provide nitric acid with a nitric acid concentration from 10% to 57% with the provision of certificates confirming the quality of these products.

Application of Nitric Acid:

Nitric acid is used in the form of aqueous solutions; it is one of the components of aqua regia and is found in assay acids. In industry, it is used to produce combined nitrogen fertilizers, for dissolving ores and concentrates, in the production of sulfuric acid, various organic nitroproducts, and in rocket technology as a fuel oxidizer. As a raw material in the production of ammonium nitrate, in metal pickling processes, for the separation of gold and silver. Nitric acid has also found application in the production of explosives, the production of intermediate products for the production of synthetic dyes and other chemicals in the food and non-food industries for washing process equipment (tanks, pipelines, conveyor lines, etc.), as well as eliminating residues of raw materials (dairy stones, etc.). In the electronic and radio-electronic industry, etc.

Classification

The damage caused by nitric acid, or more precisely poisoning with nitric acid, can, in general, be grouped as follows:

1. Chemical burns, which cause a depressing effect on the eyes and skin;
2. Inhalation effects harmful to the human respiratory system;
3. A combination of lesions that can occur simultaneously with injuries caused by the explosiveness of the nitrogen mixture.

The main neurological symptoms of poisoning include unbearable headaches, loss of strength, coughing, convulsions, and possible coma. In case of severe intoxication, the main signs of the disease will be burns of the skin and mucous membranes of a person’s eyes, as well as the onset of pulmonary edema. So, depending on the severity of the chemical burn suffered, it is customary to distinguish:

1. Erythema;
2. Bubble;
3. Neuroses of the dermis;
4. Negative consequences that are already observed outside the skin.

As was said, when saturated with toxic vapors, symptoms such as pulmonary edema are observed, inflammation and catarrh can be caused, and changes occur in the pulmonary tree. If nitric acid poisoning is chronic, then the main symptoms include the onset of failures in the functioning of the heart muscle, catarrh of the respiratory system, and disturbances in the functioning of the main filter - the liver and digestive organs.

A fairly common case is simultaneous intoxication through breathing and through the skin. The symptoms in this case are joint in nature and first aid, accordingly, is complex.

We will talk about this in more detail later. Given the increased risk of explosion, it is important to understand that poisoning with nitric acid can occur simultaneously with serious injuries. It is logical that often the combined lesion will be more severe and have final consequences for human health.

The strongest organic acid

If we talk about the strongest acid in organic chemistry, then the leadership here belongs to formic acid. The substance was so named because it was found in the secretions of ants. Formic acid has a wide range of uses. It is often used in medicine because it has analgesic and irritant properties. Formic acid is present in many ointments that are used to treat bruises, varicose veins, and swelling. Medicines containing this substance can help get rid of acne.

Formic acid is also widely used in the chemical industry. It is also used in agriculture and beekeeping. The substance is also used in food as additive E236.

Despite its prevalence, formic acid can pose a serious threat. Contact of the concentrated substance with the skin causes burns or severe pain. Even inhaling formic acid vapor can cause damage to the respiratory tract. But the positive property of the substance is that it is quickly eliminated from the body without accumulating in it.

Speaking in the language of chemistry, acids are those substances that exhibit the ability to donate hydrogen cations, or substances that have the ability to accept an electron pair as a result of the formation of a covalent bond. However, in ordinary conversation, an acid is most often understood only as those compounds that, when formed in aqueous solutions, produce an excess of H30+. The presence of these cations in solution gives the substance a sour taste and the ability to react to indicators. In this material we will talk about which substance is the strongest acid, and also talk about other acidic substances.

Mechanism of action on the body

In this section, we propose to consider in more detail the consequences that nitric acid poisoning has on:

• organs of vision;
• skin;
• respiratory system.

So, when acid interacts with the dermis, it causes dehydration. If it gets into the eyes, the most dangerous thing is damage to the eye cornea. Human pulmonary edema occurs with fluid retention throughout the body. All this is due to the fact that the pressure level in the capillaries increases, and there is a disruption in the normal outflow of lymph. The onset of toxic edema is explained by the cauterizing effect of toxic vapors on the human lungs. As a result of the toxic effect on the entire body, disruptions in the functioning of the heart and all blood vessels occur, and the first symptoms of “new problems” with health appear. There are many reasons for this:

• blood viscosity increases, which increases pressure on the heart muscle;
• blood vessels dilate under the influence of poisons;
• pulmonary edema and oxygen deficiency occur, which together complicate the work of the heart;
• irregularities in heart rhythm and sudden jumps in blood pressure;
• negative effects on the cardiovascular system.

Nitrogen: features and applications

Nitrogen is an invisible gas that has no color, taste or smell. Gas is widely used in industry, in particular in the transportation of petroleum products and liquid fuels. Nitrogen is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct of rocket fuel refining. Divers encounter the negative effects of nitrogen on the human body during deep dives, as well as when working deep underground. In everyday life, nitrogen poisoning can be obtained by using fertilizers that contain nitrogen or are created on the basis of this substance.

Nitric acid HNO3

Nitrogen oxides are also used in medicine in the treatment of heart disease and pulmonary failure. In addition, 80% of nitrogen is contained in the air, as well as in a number of amino acids in the human body; here the mass fraction of nitrogen sometimes reaches 2.5%.

Nitric oxide is also contained in food additives, for example, E-942.

Urgent measures

First aid for poisoning with nitric acid, because in a situation where nitric acid gets on the surface of the skin, it is to rinse the damaged area under intense water pressure for 15 minutes. After this, you need to use a soda solution to further wash the skin. In case of intoxication with vapors, the eyes should be washed with a solution of soda and dripped with novocaine. If saturation occurs through the respiratory tract, then first aid will be to ensure air access to the person. In order to make breathing easier, it is recommended to remove the person’s clothing. First aid aimed at normalizing the functioning of the heart muscle and respiratory system is to use the following mixture for inhalation: chloroform in a volume of forty drops, ethyl alcohol - forty drops, ammonia - five drops and ether - twenty drops. Subsequent use of inhalations, the main component of which is soda, will also have a positive effect. Spasms in the bronchi lead to suffocation, in which case atropine will be a rescue remedy. If there is a threat of a complete stop of respiratory activity, you should be careful with artificial respiration, since in the presence of pulmonary edema, such first aid can cause even greater harm.

If all first aid is performed in the initial seconds of a burn, then serious consequences can really be avoided.

Treatment

After poisoning, the patient should be in the hospital in a state of complete rest. The doctor makes a diagnosis, determines the toxic substance and the degree of its effect on the body, and prescribes therapy.

In case of nitrous oxide (N2O) poisoning, the respiratory system is brought back to normal with the help of carbogen (a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide). Thanks to it, blood flow is restored and the possibility of tumor development is suppressed. A glucose solution is injected intravenously to ensure stable functioning of the heart muscle.

For nitrogen dioxide (NO2) poisoning, the same treatment is given. Instead of glucose, calcium chloride is introduced into the bloodstream. Complex oxygen therapy is prescribed.

Nitric oxide (NO) poisoning results in its replacement of oxygen in hemoglobin. If it is inhaled for a long time, suffocation occurs. If there is access to fresh air, then the connection is unstable, and the process is reversible. In addition, it is destroyed in air, turning into nitrogen dioxide, so dioxide intoxication is treated.

Preventive actions

To avoid the terrible consequences of poisoning, it is important to adhere to simple rules, which include using special clothing and gas masks when in contact with such acid, observing personal hygiene rules, ensuring good ventilation in the workplace, monitoring and preventing poison spills, and in an emergency, create all conditions for its prompt collection. It is important to familiarize and provide instructions on how first aid should be provided in an emergency. As preventive measures to prevent the chronic nature of the disease, in order to avoid poisoning with nitric acid, it is recommended that enterprises conduct medical monitoring of the health status of employees and include dishes rich in vitamins in the menu.

Carborane acid is the strongest in the world

In 2005, scientists working at the University of California in the USA managed to create a new acid of unprecedented strength. The invented compound is a million times stronger than concentrated sulfuric acid. Scientists at that moment set out to find a new molecule that would become a real discovery in the scientific world, and they managed to achieve a positive result.

The formula of carborane acid is not very complex: H(CHB11Cl11). But it will still not be possible to synthesize such a substance in an ordinary laboratory. Carborane acid is more than a trillion times more acidic than ordinary water.

The most flammable substance

Lots of things burn at an astonishing rate, such as styrofoam, napalm, and that's just the beginning. But what if there was a substance that could set the earth on fire? On the one hand, this is a provocative question, but it was asked as a starting point. Chlorine trifluoride has the dubious reputation of being a horribly flammable substance, even though the Nazis believed the substance was too dangerous to work with. When people who discuss genocide believe that their purpose in life is not to use something because it is too lethal, it supports careful handling of these substances. They say that one day a ton of the substance spilled and a fire started, and 30.5 cm of concrete and a meter of sand and gravel burned out until everything calmed down. Unfortunately, the Nazis were right.

Sulfuric acid (H2S04)

Few acids are better known than sulfuric acid. Indeed, in terms of production volumes, H2S04 is the most common. That is why it is the most dangerous acid in the world.

The substance is a strong acid with two bases. The sulfur in the compound has the highest oxidation state (plus six). It is odorless and colorless. Most often used in solution with water or sulfuric anhydride.

There are several ways to obtain H2S04:

• Industrial method (dioxide oxidation).
• Tower method (production using nitric oxide).
• Others (based on obtaining a substance from the interaction of sulfur dioxide with various substances, are not very common).

Concentrated H2SO4 is very strong, but its solutions also pose a serious danger. When heated, it is a fairly strong oxidizing agent. When interacting with metals, they oxidize. In this case, H2S04 is reduced to sulfur dioxide. H2SO4 is very caustic. It can affect the skin, respiratory tract, mucous membranes and internal organs of humans. It is very dangerous not only to get it inside the body, but also to inhale its vapors.

Properties [edit | edit code ]

Colorless, highly hygroscopic crystalline substance. Can be distilled under high vacuum. Hydronium salt forms with water and air moisture. Does not work on glass. As a strong acid it can act on the skin, but its sodium salt has low toxicity. How a strong acid can react with metals to form hydrogen, forming salts and releasing hydrogen.

Carborane acid is approximately a million times stronger than concentrated sulfuric acid. It is not possible to measure the strength of an acid using conventional scales, since the acid protonates all known weak bases and all solvents in which it dissolves.

Protonates benzene to give a stable benzene salt. Protonates fullerene-60, sulfur dioxide.

Currently, the strongest known acid that can be stored in the laboratory is fluorinated carborane acid.

The most magnetic substance

If the inductor were a small black piece, then it would be the same substance. The substance, developed in 2010 from iron and nitrogen, has magnetic powers that are 18% greater than the previous record holder and is so powerful that it has forced scientists to reconsider how magnetism works. The person who discovered this substance distanced himself from his studies so that no other scientist could reproduce his work, since it was reported that a similar compound was developed in Japan in the past in 1996, but other physicists could not reproduce it, so this substance was not officially accepted. It is unclear whether Japanese physicists should promise to make Sepuku under these circumstances. If this substance can be reproduced, it could herald a new age of efficient electronics and magnetic motors, perhaps enhanced in power by an order of magnitude.

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Providing his personal data to the licensor, the user agrees to process it, both using automation tools and without the use of automation tools, in particular collecting, storing, transferring to third parties and using information by a licensor in order to fulfill obligations to the user in accordance with this Agreement; User receiving personalized advertising; Checks, research and data analysis to support and improve the software product. 8.3. The licensor undertakes not to disclose the information received from the user. It is not considered a violation of the provision by the licensor of information, including personal data of the user to third parties acting on the basis of an agreement with a licensor in order to execute this Agreement. 8.4. It is not considered a violation of obligations to non -disclosure of information provided by the User, including the personal data of the User, in order to ensure compliance with the requirements of the current legislation of the Russian Federation (including in order to prevent and/or suppress illegal and/or illegal actions of users). 8.5. The user does not have the right to transfer his username and password to third parties. 8.6. The user undertakes to ensure the confidentiality of his login and password and is responsible for using the login and password by third parties. Under no circumstances, the Licensor is not responsible for the use of the Login and Password of the User. 8.7. In the event of an unauthorized access to the login and password and/or the user's personal page, or the distribution of the login and password, the user must immediately inform the licensor by filling out the feedback form presented on the site. 8.8. The licensor is not responsible for the use of anyone in public personal data of users. 9. Exceptional rights to content 9.1. All objects posted on the site and in the software product, including design elements, text, graphic images, illustrations, videos, scripts, programs, music, sounds and other objects and their collections (hereinafter - content), are objects of exclusive licensor rights , all rights to these objects are protected. 9.2. Except cases established by this Agreement, as well as the current legislation of the Russian Federation, content cannot be copied (reproduced), processed, distributed, displayed in the frame, published, downloaded, transferred, sold, or otherwise used in unit without prior resolution of the copyright holder , except when the copyright holder clearly expressed his consent to the free use of content by any person. 9.3. User use of content, access to which is obtained exclusively for personal non -profit use, is allowed subject to all the signs of authorship or other notifications of authorship, preserving the author’s name in a constant form, preserving the work in a constant form. 9.4. Any use of content, except for the copyright holder permitted in this Agreement or in the case of the clearly expressed consent of the copyright holder, is strictly prohibited without the preliminary written permission of the copyright holder. 10. Other conditions 10.1. All disputes and disagreements arising in connection with the execution and (or) interpretation of this Agreement are resolved by the parties through negotiations. If it is impossible to resolve the sides of the disagreements through negotiations, the dispute must be permitted in the arbitration court at the location of the defendant with the obligatory compliance of the claims of disputes and disagreements. The deadline for the response to claim 30 (thirty) calendar days from the date of its receipt in writing or in electronic form. 10.2. None of the provisions of this Agreement is and cannot be considered as the transfer (alienation) of exclusive rights to the intellectual property of the licensor. 10.3. In case of receipt of comments from the user to the software product provided under this Agreement, such comments are subject to consideration by a license at his request and are optional for accounting. 10.4. The terms of this agreement apply to subsequent versions of the software product, which are its updates. Conclusions of other agreements regarding the updates of the software product are not required. 10.5. In everything else that is not provided for by this Agreement, the parties are guided by the current legislation of the Russian Federation. 11. Address, details of the licensor of Alekta LLC Legal address: 630090, Novosibirsk, Academician Academician Lavrentieva 2/2. Postal address: 630090, Novosibirsk, Academician Lavrentiev Academician 2/2. OGRN 1025403657135 TIN 5408128408 KPP 540801001 OKVED 72.19, 62.01, 62.02, 68.20.2; OKPO 26335100; OKATO 50401384000; OKFS 16; OKOPF 65. E-mail