Any pain must be relieved immediately. Many different painkillers offered by pharmaceutical companies are used for this purpose. One of these pharmaceuticals is Ketorol, which is time-tested and characterized by a quick and long-lasting analgesic effect.
loading…
An analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, Ketorol has an effect on pain, regardless of its etiology. However, failure to comply with the recommended rules of administration causes an overdose of Ketorol, with the frequent development of severe consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to know the main signs of overdose and first aid rules.
About the drug
The medicine has the following characteristics:
- Release form. Ketorol is prepared in the form of a solution for intravenous and intramuscular injection. The active substance is ketorolac trometamol. The liquid is odorless and has a light yellow color. The drug is packaged in ampoules of 1 ml. The medicine is also available in the form of a gel for external use, as well as tablets.
- Action. The drug reduces body temperature, relieves pain and eliminates signs of inflammation.
- Pharmacodynamics. The drug inhibits the production of cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the reactions of the arachidonic cascade, in which prostaglandins are formed. These substances accumulate in tissues, causing swelling, pain and fever. The drug does not affect opioid receptors, does not suppress the activity of the respiratory center and does not cause drug dependence. After administration of the drug, drowsiness is not observed.
- Absorption and distribution. When administered intramuscularly, the active substance is completely absorbed into the blood. The maximum concentration of ketorolac in the body is detected after an hour. The drug penetrates the placental barrier and is excreted in breast milk.
- Metabolism and excretion. Half of the administered dose is converted in the liver into inactive metabolites, which are excreted by the kidneys. Part of the drug leaves the body with feces. The elimination period in patients with a normally functioning excretory system takes 6-9 hours.
Characteristics, release forms
Manufacturers offer the drug in tablet, injection and gel forms with the main substance tromethamine ketorolac.
The tablets are taken orally, the solution is intended for intramuscular injection.
Ketorol is classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
The mechanism of action is to reduce the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes in order to inhibit the production of prostaglandins, which have an effect on nerve endings and are the root cause of pain.
The drug does not tend to affect the respiratory center, does not lead to dependence and does not exhibit a sedative effect. The peak analgesic effect is observed approximately 1.5 hours after administration.
Indications
The medication is effective for the following conditions:
- headache and toothache;
- pain syndrome caused by rheumatic lesions of joints and soft tissues;
- painful menstruation;
- neuralgia;
- pain of traumatic origin (fractures, dislocations and sprains);
- muscle pain caused by increased tone of smooth muscle fibers;
- pain syndrome of moderate intensity in oncological pathologies.
READ Kapoten overdose
Ketorol gel is used:
- for radiculitis;
- with intercostal neuralgia;
- for rheumatism;
- for sprained ligaments and tendons.
Analogs
Pharmaceutical products with the same healing substance in the composition: “Ketokam”, “Dolak”, “Ketanov”, eye drops “Acular”. It should be noted that Ketorol analogues in the form of eye drops effectively relieve pain from corneal abrasions, after excision of cataracts, eliminate itching in the eyes, relieve inflammation, and are used in the process of eye surgery.
Other strong painkillers with a similar effect: Ketonal (ketoprofen), which many experts consider an even more powerful painkiller, Dexonal, Flamadex, Dexalgin.
Contraindications
When prescribing the drug, you need to know that it is contraindicated in the following disorders and situations:
- individual intolerance to ketorolac;
- bronchial asthma, combined with polyposis of the nasal passages or maxillary sinuses and allergic reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
- erosive and ulcerative lesions of the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines;
- active intestinal and rectal bleeding;
- bleeding in the brain;
- inflammatory processes in the intestines (nonspecific ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease);
- dysfunction of the hematopoietic system (hemophilia, thrombophilia);
- severe heart failure;
- severe impairment of liver function;
- severe diseases of the excretory system (progressive inflammation of the kidneys, diagnosed hyperkalemia);
- recovery after coronary artery bypass surgery;
- taking probenecid, acetylsalicylic acid and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, lithium salts, anticoagulants based on heparin and warfarin;
- preventive pain relief before complex surgical interventions (the drug increases the risk of bleeding);
- pregnancy and lactation;
- childhood (up to 16 years).
The list of relative contraindications includes:
- ischemic lesions of the heart muscle;
- bronchial asthma;
- congestive heart failure;
- extensive swelling;
- arterial hypertension;
- cerebrovascular accident;
- hypertriglyceridemia;
- mild to moderate renal failure;
- diabetes;
- inflammation of the gallbladder;
- septicemia;
- autoimmune lesions of connective tissues;
- inflammatory processes in peripheral arteries;
- smoking;
- elderly and senile age;
- previous erosive and ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract;
- alcoholism;
- severe chronic diseases of the central nervous system;
- taking antiplatelet agents, glucocorticosteroids, antidepressants.
Peculiarity
Doctors around the world are trying to understand why cases of drug allergies are becoming more and more common, but there is no answer to this question yet. The paradox is that in recent years the composition of popular medications has remained virtually unchanged, so the harmful effects of new components on the body are practically excluded.
However, more and more doctors are coming to the conclusion that the main reason for the increase in the incidence of the disease lies in the lifestyle of modern people, as well as the environmental situation - it is city dwellers who more often become victims of allergies to medications, but rural dwellings suffer from this relatively rarely.
The mechanism of development of allergies to drugs is as follows:
- a certain substance enters the body, which is perceived by the immune system as harmful;
- the defense system begins to release histamine (a hormone designed to eliminate danger);
- symptoms of an allergic reaction occur.
The subtlety is that not every medication needed to treat a particular disease can be replaced with an analogue. Doctors often have to suppress the allergic reaction by continuing therapy with the same dangerous drug.
Side effects of the drug
Ketorol has a large number of side effects. The severity of the negative consequences depends on what other medications and medications are taken, and how many tablets the patient takes per day.
When Ketorol is administered, the following side effects may occur:
- damage to the digestive system (stomach pain, loose stools, ulcerative lesions of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, nausea and vomiting, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, burning in the esophagus, intestinal colic, bile stagnation, acute inflammation of the pancreas, enlarged liver, non-infectious hepatitis);
- dysfunction of the excretory system (pain in the lower back, acute renal failure, the appearance of bloody impurities in the blood, frequent urination, swelling of the lower extremities, decreased amount of urine excreted, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, nephritis);
- disturbance of visual perception;
- decreased hearing acuity, tinnitus;
- signs of damage to the respiratory system (swelling of the larynx and lungs, runny nose, breathing problems, attacks of bronchial asthma);
- neurological disorders (headaches, insomnia, dizziness, aseptic inflammation of the cerebral cortex, increased nervous excitability, depressive states, psychosis, hallucinations);
- dysfunction of the cardiac system (arterial hypertension, fainting);
- changes in blood composition;
- bleeding disorders (nose and rectal bleeding, postoperative wound bleeding);
- skin reactions (rashes in the form of papules, exfoliative dermatitis, soreness and enlargement of the tonsils, toxic epidermolysis, peeling of the skin);
- local reactions (burning and pain at the injection site, formation of infiltrate);
- allergic reactions (urticaria, itching, swelling of the eyelids, a feeling of heaviness in the chest, allergic conjunctivitis);
- other side effects (weight gain, increased sweating, fever, inflammation of the tongue).
READ Magnesium overdose
When can you get poisoned?
Poisoning with ketorolac, in any of the drugs containing it, can occur for the following reasons:
- excessive dosage;
- use of expired medicine;
- taking the normal dose over 65 years of age;
- use of the drug for more than five days;
- use of medicine stored at the wrong temperature.
Since death does not occur with a significant increase in dose from this drug, it is not used in suicidal cases . But it can cause numerous reactions and side effects. It is especially important to monitor how a child or elderly person takes this medicine. After all, old people, due to their absent-mindedness, can forget whether they took a Ketorol tablet today, and how many times this has already happened.
Because pain can prompt a person to seek relief, close monitoring of the drug is required in people who are ill for a long time.
Causes of overdose
Painkiller poisoning occurs when the dose is accidentally or intentionally exceeded, as well as under the influence of certain other factors.
Symptoms and signs of overdose occur:
- when administering an expired drug;
- when changing the dose prescribed by the doctor (it is allowed to administer no more than 40 mg of ketorolac per day, exceeding the dose increases side effects);
- when administering the drug to a patient over 65 years of age;
- when increasing the duration of the therapeutic course (painkillers should not be used for more than 5 days);
- when storing the drug in accessible places (leads to poisoning in children who may accidentally ingest the solution, gel or tablets).
Fatal outcome from an overdose of Ketorol rarely occurs, but caution must be exercised during the treatment period.
How long is Ketorol excreted from the body?
As mentioned above, the active substance of the drug is largely metabolized by the liver to form the conjugated form of the derivative product.
In this case, up to 92% of derivatives leave the body in the form of urine, the rest is excreted in feces. You will be interested...
Signs and consequences of valerian poisoning Ketorol itself contains several enantiomers of the active substance .
The milder form quickly leaves the systemic circulation, while the R-variation is present in the body much longer. On average, the half-life of the second is about 6 hours. At the same time, up to 90% of the active substance is eliminated within 24 hours, and the drug cannot be fully diagnosed by any laboratory methods 30-40 hours after a single use.
Signs and symptoms
It is not difficult to recognize a drug overdose. When an excessive amount of medication is administered, specific signs and symptoms appear and the patient’s general condition worsens.
The clinical picture of an overdose includes:
- severe nausea, frequent bouts of vomiting;
- increased heart rate, change in heart rhythm, cardiac arrest;
- severe pain in the stomach and navel;
- throbbing pain in the temporal areas, dizziness;
- general weakness, lack of strength, decreased muscle tone;
- reduction in the amount of urine produced up to complete cessation of urination;
- severe swelling of the face and lower extremities;
- convulsive seizures.
Overdose symptoms develop rapidly; it is important to provide first aid to the victim in a timely manner.
Symptoms of intoxication
In cases of Ketorol poisoning, an increase in the severity of side effects is observed:
How many hours does it take for poisoning to appear?
- severe nausea, vomiting;
- cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmia;
- decrease or increase in blood pressure;
- stomach ache;
- headaches and dizziness;
- chronic fatigue;
- impaired renal function, and, as a consequence, urinary disturbances and swelling.
Therapy
The first aid algorithm includes:
- cleansing the stomach (the patient needs to drink a large amount of water and provoke a gag reflex);
- taking enterosorbents (Polysorb), which reduce the rate of absorption of drug components;
- drinking plenty of fluids (every 15 minutes it is recommended to drink a glass of water);
- ensuring rest (the patient is given a reclining position on his side, this helps to avoid the penetration of vomit into the respiratory tract).
Further therapy is carried out in a hospital setting. Doctors use techniques aimed at restoring the functions of internal organs.
Necessary measures
Symptoms of toxemia are eliminated with therapy aimed at absorbing the toxic substance. It is equally important to take measures to eliminate acidosis. Because as a result of a violation of the acid-base balance in the body, intestinal dysfunction occurs. Acetone is likely to be excreted in the urine.
Before the doctors arrive
When providing first aid, carry out a number of standard procedures:
- flushing the gastrointestinal tract by drinking at least 1 liter of water;
- induce vomiting;
- take a sorbent (less safe activated carbon, polysorb);
- drinking plenty of salt water solutions (rehydron).
Drink plenty of fluids before the doctor arrives
Hospital conditions
In the hospital, the patient will be prescribed a blood test for examination. Then possible procedures will be carried out:
- repeated gastric lavage using a tube;
- intravenous administration of sodium chloride;
- prescription of diuretics;
- if necessary, prescribing laxatives.
What could be the consequences?
Ketorol poisoning negatively affects the condition of the entire body. An overdose of the drug contributes to:
- disruption of the gastrointestinal tract (the occurrence of peptic ulcers and persistent diarrhea, changes in the acidity of gastric juice);
- damage to kidney tissue, accompanied by the development of chronic renal failure;
- decreased blood clotting, leading to frequent bleeding;
- development of arterial hypertension;
- dysfunction of the respiratory system (shortness of breath and bronchial asthma).
An overdose is dangerous to human health, so you should not use the drug yourself.
Further treatment
Subsequently, treatment of Ketorol poisoning is prescribed according to the symptoms:
- pain relief: painkillers (Analgin, Baralgin, Bral);
- elimination of vascular spasm: No-shpa, Drotaverine, Papaverine;
- combination drugs: Spazgan, Spazmalgon, Revalgin;
- relief of dyspeptic manifestations: Duspatalin, Domperidone, Motilium, Passazhix;
- antihistamines: Loratadine, Erius, Zodak, Cetrin, Suprastin.
The doctor makes all other appointments individually, depending on the condition of the victim.
